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question:# Question: Implement a Custom Python Interpreter **Objective:** You are required to implement a custom interactive Python interpreter using the `code` module from Python's standard library. Your interpreter should allow users to execute Python commands interactively, maintain a persistent state, and handle incomplete code. **Requirements:** 1. **Interpreter Class**: Implement a class `CustomInterpreter` that derives from `code.InteractiveInterpreter`. 2. **Initialization**: The class should initialize the base `InteractiveInterpreter` and set up any necessary environment. 3. **Run Code Methods**: Implement the following methods: - `run_single_line(self, code: str) -> None`: Run a single line of Python code. - `run_interactive(self) -> None`: Start an interactive console session that persists between commands, maintaining state. - `run_file(self, filename: str) -> None`: Execute a script from a file, taking the filename as input. 4. **Handling Incomplete Code**: Ensure that your interpreter can handle and prompt for continuation lines when incomplete code is entered. For instance, if the user inputs `for i in range(3):`, the interpreter should wait for the following indented lines. 5. **Custom Functionality**: Add one piece of custom functionality that is not available in the default Python interpreter. For example, automatically timing each command execution and displaying the execution time, or adding a custom command that clears the interpreter environment. **Input:** - For the `run_single_line` method, input will be a single line of Python code as a string. - For the `run_interactive` method, no input parameters are required. - For the `run_file` method, input will be the filename of the Python script to be executed. **Output:** - The methods do not need to return any values, but they should correctly execute Python code and display any output or errors in the console. - For `run_single_line`, execute the input code and print the output or error to the console. - For `run_interactive`, start an interactive session that reads input from the user, executes it, and displays the results. - For `run_file`, execute the script and display any output or errors. **Constraints:** - Handle syntax errors gracefully, and ensure the interactive session can continue running after encountering an error. - The custom functionality should be clearly documented and integrated within the interpreter class. ```python import code class CustomInterpreter(code.InteractiveInterpreter): def __init__(self): # Initialize the base class super().__init__() def run_single_line(self, code: str) -> None: pass def run_interactive(self) -> None: pass def run_file(self, filename: str) -> None: pass # Add any additional methods or custom functionality here ``` **Notes:** - You may need to refer to the official Python documentation for the `code` and `codeop` modules to understand their full capabilities and usage. - Pay attention to edge cases and ensure your interpreter behaves correctly in a wide range of scenarios.
answer:import code import time class CustomInterpreter(code.InteractiveInterpreter): def __init__(self): # Initialize the base class super().__init__() self.locals = {} def run_single_line(self, code_str: str) -> None: Runs a single line of Python code. try: _code = compile(code_str, '<input>', 'single') start_time = time.time() self.runcode(_code) end_time = time.time() print(f"Executed in {end_time - start_time:.6f} seconds") except Exception as e: print(f"Error: {e}") def run_interactive(self) -> None: Starts an interactive console session. console = code.InteractiveConsole(self.locals) console.interact("Custom Python Interpreter. Type 'exit()' or Ctrl-D to exit.") def run_file(self, filename: str) -> None: Runs a script from a file. try: with open(filename, 'r') as file: code_str = file.read() _code = compile(code_str, filename, 'exec') start_time = time.time() self.runcode(_code) end_time = time.time() print(f"Executed in {end_time - start_time:.6f} seconds") except FileNotFoundError: print(f"Error: File '{filename}' not found.") except Exception as e: print(f"Error: {e}") def runcode(self, code_obj): try: exec(code_obj, self.locals) except Exception as e: print(f"Error: {e}")
question:**Advanced Coding Assessment: Terminal Todo List Application** **Objective:** Create a terminal-based todo list application using the `curses` module in Python. The application should allow users to manage a list of todo items interactively. **Requirements:** 1. **Initialize the Curses Environment:** - Use `curses.initscr()` to initialize the screen. - Use `curses.start_color()` to enable color functionality (if available). 2. **Main Window Layout:** - Divide the screen into three windows: - **Title Window:** Display the title "Todo List" at the top. - **Todo List Window:** Display the list of todos. Each item can be selected or deselected. - **Status Window:** Display help text or status messages at the bottom. 3. **Interactions:** - Allow navigation through the todo items using the arrow keys (`KEY_UP` and `KEY_DOWN`). - Allow adding a new todo item using the `a` key. Open a textbox for input when adding a new item. - Allow marking an item as completed using the space key. Toggle a checkmark (or similar symbol) next to the item. - Allow deleting an item using the `d` key. Delete the currently selected item. - Exit the application using the `q` key. 4. **Todo List Window:** - Use a `curses.textpad.Textbox` when adding new items. - Maintain a list to store todo items and their completed status. - Highlight the currently selected item. 5. **Implement Error Handling:** - Handle exceptions that may arise from curses functions appropriately. - Ensure the terminal state is restored on application exit, even if an error occurs. **Sample Function Signatures:** ```python def main(stdscr): # Initialization code here curses.start_color() curses.init_pair(1, curses.COLOR_RED, curses.COLOR_BLACK) # Other initialization code def draw_title_window(title_win): # Drawing code for the title window def draw_status_window(status_win, message): # Drawing code for the status window def draw_todo_list_window(todo_win, todos, selected_index): # Drawing code for the todo list window if __name__ == "__main__": curses.wrapper(main) ``` **Expected Behavior:** - When the application starts, the screen should be divided into three windows with appropriate titles and instructions. - User should be able to navigate, add, mark, delete, and exit using the specified keys. - On exit, the terminal should be restored to its normal state. **Constraints:** - The application must run in a terminal that supports the `curses` library. - Handle terminal resizing gracefully. This coding task will demonstrate your ability to handle advanced terminal I/O operations, window management, and user interactions using the `curses` module.
answer:import curses from curses import textpad def draw_title_window(title_win): title_win.addstr(0, 0, "Todo List") title_win.refresh() def draw_status_window(status_win, message): status_win.clear() status_win.addstr(0, 0, message) status_win.refresh() def draw_todo_list_window(todo_win, todos, selected_index): todo_win.clear() for idx, todo in enumerate(todos): if idx == selected_index: todo_win.addstr(idx, 0, f"> {todo['text']}", curses.A_REVERSE) else: checkmark = "[x]" if todo['completed'] else "[ ]" todo_win.addstr(idx, 0, f" {checkmark} {todo['text']}") todo_win.refresh() def main(stdscr): curses.start_color() curses.init_pair(1, curses.COLOR_RED, curses.COLOR_BLACK) todos = [] selected_index = 0 title_win = curses.newwin(1, curses.COLS, 0, 0) status_win = curses.newwin(1, curses.COLS, curses.LINES - 1, 0) todo_win = curses.newwin(curses.LINES - 2, curses.COLS, 1, 0) draw_title_window(title_win) draw_status_window(status_win, "Press 'a' to add, 'd' to delete, 'Space' to complete, 'q' to quit") while True: draw_todo_list_window(todo_win, todos, selected_index) key = stdscr.getch() if key == ord('q'): break elif key == curses.KEY_UP: selected_index = max(0, selected_index - 1) elif key == curses.KEY_DOWN: selected_index = min(len(todos) - 1, selected_index + 1) elif key == ord('a'): stdscr.addstr(curses.LINES - 1, 0, "Enter new todo: ") stdscr.refresh() curses.echo() new_todo_text = stdscr.getstr(curses.LINES - 1, 16, 20).decode('utf-8') curses.noecho() todos.append({'text': new_todo_text, 'completed': False}) elif key == ord('d') and todos: del todos[selected_index] selected_index = min(len(todos) - 1, selected_index) elif key == ord(' '): todos[selected_index]['completed'] = not todos[selected_index]['completed'] if __name__ == "__main__": try: curses.wrapper(main) except Exception as e: print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
question:Objective You are provided with a dataset representing sales data that you need to style for a report. Your task is to implement the styling using pandas `Styler` class to make the DataFrame visually appealing, highlighting key metrics as required. Dataset A sample dataset `sales_data.csv` is provided with the following structure: ``` Product, Region, Sales, Profit Margin A, North, 1000, 0.1 B, South, 850, 0.12 C, North, 1020, 0.15 D, East, 920, 0.06 E, West, 870, 0.2 F, South, 1280, 0.08 ``` Requirements 1. **Input**: Read the provided `sales_data.csv` file into a pandas DataFrame. 2. **Styling**: - Use `Styler.apply` to highlight the row with the maximum sales in green background and minimum sales in red background. - Use `Styler.highlight_min` to highlight the column with the minimum `Profit Margin` in yellow. - Use `Styler.set_caption` to set a caption "Quarterly Sales Report". 3. **Export**: - Export the styled DataFrame to an HTML file named `styled_sales_report.html`. Function Definition ```python import pandas as pd def style_sales_report(file_path: str, output_html_path: str) -> None: Styles a sales report read from a CSV file and exports it to an HTML file. Parameters: file_path (str): The path to the sales data CSV file. output_html_path (str): The path to output the styled HTML file. Output: None # Your solution here ``` # Constraints - Ensure that the input CSV file path and output HTML file path are valid. - Ensure that `sales_data.csv` is formatted as specified. - Use efficient pandas methods to apply styles to maintain performance, especially for larger datasets. # Example Given the file path `sales_data.csv` as described above, the function should produce a styled HTML file `styled_sales_report.html` that follows the specified styling rules. This task will assess your ability to leverage pandas' `Styler` class and apply styling effectively to DataFrames.
answer:import pandas as pd def style_sales_report(file_path: str, output_html_path: str) -> None: Styles a sales report read from a CSV file and exports it to an HTML file. Parameters: file_path (str): The path to the sales data CSV file. output_html_path (str): The path to output the styled HTML file. Output: None df = pd.read_csv(file_path) def highlight_max_min_sales(s): is_max = s == s.max() is_min = s == s.min() return ['background-color: green' if v else 'background-color: red' if is_min[i] else '' for i,v in enumerate(is_max)] styled_df = df.style.apply(highlight_max_min_sales, subset=['Sales'], axis=0) .highlight_min(subset=['Profit Margin'], color='yellow') .set_caption("Quarterly Sales Report") styled_df.to_html(output_html_path)
question:**Problem Statement:** You are tasked with implementing a function that processes a list of file paths based on a series of include and exclude patterns. This function will simulate part of the source distribution process by filtering files according to specified patterns. **Function Specification:** ```python def filter_files(file_paths, commands): Filters a list of file paths based on include and exclude commands. Args: file_paths (list of str): The list of file paths to be filtered. commands (list of str): The list of commands to apply to the file paths. Each command is a string formatted as "<command> <pattern1> <pattern2> ...". The <command> can be one of the following: - "include": include files matching any of the specified patterns - "exclude": exclude files matching any of the specified patterns - "recursive-include": include files under the specified directory - "recursive-exclude": exclude files under the specified directory - "global-include": include files anywhere in the source tree - "global-exclude": exclude files anywhere in the source tree - "prune": exclude all files under the specified directory - "graft": include all files under the specified directory Returns: list of str: The filtered list of file paths. pass ``` **Input:** 1. `file_paths` (list of str): A list of file paths. 2. `commands` (list of str): A list of inclusion/exclusion commands to be applied to the file paths. Each command is a string formatted as `"command pattern1 pattern2 ..."`, where `command` can be one of "include", "exclude", "recursive-include", "recursive-exclude", "global-include", "global-exclude", "prune", or "graft". **Output:** - A list of filtered file paths that match the inclusion/exclusion criteria. **Constraints:** - The function should support Unix-style glob patterns for filenames. - The `file_paths` will contain valid file paths. - Commands are to be processed in the order they are provided. - Assume that no path separators other than `/` will be used, i.e., we are working in a Unix-like environment. # Examples: **Example 1:** ```python file_paths = [ "src/module1.py", "src/module2.py", "docs/readme.md", "tests/test_module1.py" ] commands = [ "include src/*.py docs/*.md", "exclude src/module2.py" ] assert filter_files(file_paths, commands) == ["src/module1.py", "docs/readme.md"] ``` **Example 2:** ```python file_paths = [ "src/module1.py", "src/module2.py", "docs/readme.md", "tests/test_module1.py", "tests/test_module2.py", ] commands = [ "prune tests", "include src/*.py docs/*.md" ] assert filter_files(file_paths, commands) == ["src/module1.py", "src/module2.py", "docs/readme.md"] ``` **Example 3:** ```python file_paths = ["a.py", "b.py", "c.py", "dir/d.py"] commands = [ "global-exclude *.py", "graft dir" ] assert filter_files(file_paths, commands) == ["dir/d.py"] ``` # Note: - Be sure to handle edge cases such as empty `file_paths` or `commands` lists, as well as non-matching patterns. - You may use the `glob` module for pattern matching if necessary.
answer:import fnmatch import os def filter_files(file_paths, commands): Filters a list of file paths based on include and exclude commands. Args: file_paths (list of str): The list of file paths to be filtered. commands (list of str): The list of commands to apply to the file paths. Each command is a string formatted as "<command> <pattern1> <pattern2> ...". The <command> can be one of the following: - "include": include files matching any of the specified patterns - "exclude": exclude files matching any of the specified patterns - "recursive-include": include files under the specified directory - "recursive-exclude": exclude files under the specified directory - "global-include": include files anywhere in the source tree - "global-exclude": exclude files anywhere in the source tree - "prune": exclude all files under the specified directory - "graft": include all files under the specified directory Returns: list of str: The filtered list of file paths. def matches_any_pattern(file_path, patterns): return any(fnmatch.fnmatch(file_path, pattern) for pattern in patterns) included_files = file_paths.copy() for command in commands: parts = command.split() cmd = parts[0] patterns = parts[1:] if cmd == "include": included_files = [f for f in included_files if matches_any_pattern(f, patterns)] elif cmd == "exclude": included_files = [f for f in included_files if not matches_any_pattern(f, patterns)] elif cmd == "recursive-include": include_dir = patterns[0] included_files = [f for f in included_files if f.startswith(include_dir) and matches_any_pattern(f, patterns[1:])] elif cmd == "recursive-exclude": exclude_dir = patterns[0] included_files = [f for f in included_files if not (f.startswith(exclude_dir) and matches_any_pattern(f, patterns[1:]))] elif cmd == "global-include": for pattern in patterns: included_files.extend([f for f in file_paths if fnmatch.fnmatch(f, pattern) and f not in included_files]) elif cmd == "global-exclude": for pattern in patterns: included_files = [f for f in included_files if not fnmatch.fnmatch(f, pattern)] elif cmd == "prune": prune_dir = patterns[0] included_files = [f for f in included_files if not f.startswith(prune_dir)] elif cmd == "graft": graft_dir = patterns[0] included_files.extend([f for f in file_paths if f.startswith(graft_dir) and f not in included_files]) return included_files