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question:Write a function `game_board` that generates an `n x n` grid for a game board using a specified character. The function should be able to fill the border of the grid with one character, and optionally, fill the inside of the grid with another character. If no inner character is provided, the inside of the grid should remain empty. Your task is to implement the following function: ``` def game_board(n: int, border_char: str, inner_char: str = '') -> List[str]: ``` # Input - `n`: An integer ( 3 leq n leq 50 ), representing the size of the grid. - `border_char`: A string of exactly one character used to fill the border of the grid. - `inner_char`: (Optional) A string of exactly one character used to fill the inside of the grid. If not provided, the inside should be empty. # Output - A list of `n` strings, each of length `n`, representing the grid. # Example ``` game_board(5, '#') # Output: [ "#", "# #", "# #", "# #", "#" ] game_board(4, '*', '@') # Output: [ "****", "*@@*", "*@@*", "****" ] ``` # Constraints - The length of `border_char` and `inner_char` should be exactly one. # Requirements - Do not use any external libraries. - Handle edge cases, such as minimum and maximum values of `n`.

answer:def game_board(n: int, border_char: str, inner_char: str = '') -> list: Generates an n x n grid with border and optional inner fill characters. :param n: integer (3 <= n <= 50), size of the grid. :param border_char: single character for the border. :param inner_char: (optional) single character for the inner fill. :return: list of n strings, each of length n, representing the grid. if not (3 <= n <= 50): raise ValueError("n must be between 3 and 50") if len(border_char) != 1: raise ValueError("border_char must be a single character") if inner_char and len(inner_char) != 1: raise ValueError("inner_char must be a single character") # Create top and bottom borders top_bottom = border_char * n # Create middle rows middle = border_char + (inner_char * (n - 2) if inner_char else ' ' * (n - 2)) + border_char # Assemble the board return [top_bottom] + [middle] * (n - 2) + [top_bottom]

question:You are given a string S consisting of uppercase English letters. Each letter has a particular value: the value of the letter 'A' is 1, the value of the letter 'B' is 2, ..., and the value of the letter 'Z' is 26. In a single operation, you can choose any substring of S and replace it with its value. For example, the substring 'AB' can be replaced with '1 2'. The goal is to perform these operations until the string S consists strictly of numbers. Help to calculate the sum of all values after performing the operations on S. -----Input----- First line: An integer T - the number of test cases. T test cases follow. Each test case consists of a single line containing the string S of length N. -----Output----- For each test case, output a single line containing the sum of the values of all characters in S after performing the operations. -----Constraints----- - 1 ≤ T ≤ 10 - 1 ≤ N ≤ 105 - 'A' ≤ S[i] ≤ 'Z' -----Example----- Input: 2 ABC HELLO Output: 6 52 -----Explanation----- Example case 1. The string 'ABC' can be transformed to '1 2 3'. The sum of these numbers is 6. Example case 2. The string 'HELLO' can be transformed to '8 5 12 12 15'. The sum of these numbers is 52.

answer:def calculate_sum_of_values(T, test_cases): Calculate the sum of values corresponding to the characters A-Z in each string of the test cases. Args: T (int): Number of test cases test_cases (list of str): List of strings for each test case Returns: list of int: List of sums for each test case results = [] for case in test_cases: total_value = 0 for char in case: total_value += ord(char) - ord('A') + 1 results.append(total_value) return results

question:In the realm of data structures, linked lists are fundamental components that offer a dynamic and flexible way to manage collections of data. One common operation with singly linked lists is the reversal of the list. This involves rearranging the links between the nodes so that the first node becomes the last, the second becomes the second last, and so forth. This task may be useful, for example, in undo functionalities and various algorithmic manipulations. The structure of a node in a singly linked list is typically defined as: ```python class ListNode: def __init__(self, value=0, next=None): self.value = value self.next = next ``` Given the head node of a singly linked list, your task is to write a program that reverses the linked list and returns the head node of the reversed list. Input - Your program should accept a sequence of datasets. Each dataset consists of a list of space-separated integers representing the values of the nodes in the linked list. The end of the input is indicated by a single line containing a single zero. - The number of integers in each dataset should be at least 1 and at most 1000. Output - For each dataset, output the values of the reversed linked list, each value separated by a space, on a new line. Example Input 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 7 6 5 4 0 Output 5 4 3 2 1 40 30 20 10 4 5 6 7

answer:class ListNode: def __init__(self, value=0, next=None): self.value = value self.next = next def reverse_linked_list(head): Reverses a singly linked list. prev = None current = head while current: next_node = current.next current.next = prev prev = current current = next_node return prev def list_to_linked_list(values): Converts a list of values to a linked list. if not values: return None head = ListNode(values[0]) current = head for value in values[1:]: current.next = ListNode(value) current = current.next return head def linked_list_to_list(head): Converts a linked list to a list of values. result = [] current = head while current: result.append(current.value) current = current.next return result def process_datasets(datasets): Processes multiple datasets of linked list values. results = [] for data in datasets: if data == "0": break values = list(map(int, data.split())) head = list_to_linked_list(values) reversed_head = reverse_linked_list(head) reversed_values = linked_list_to_list(reversed_head) results.append(" ".join(map(str, reversed_values))) return results

question:Write a function that determines if an integer x can be represented as the sum of two squares. The function should return "Yes" if x can be expressed as a^2 + b^2 for some integers a and b, and "No" otherwise. Example 1: Input: x = 5 Output: Yes Explanation: 5 can be expressed as 1^2 + 2^2. Example 2: Input: x = 3 Output: No Explanation: 3 cannot be expressed as the sum of two squares. Example 3: Input: x = 10 Output: Yes Explanation: 10 can be expressed as 1^2 + 3^2. Your Task: You don't need to read input or print anything. Your task is to complete the function canBeSumOfSquares() which takes x as input and returns the answer. Expected Time Complexity: O(sqrt(x)) Expected Auxiliary Space: O(1) Constraints: 1 ≤ x ≤ 10^{6}

answer:import math def canBeSumOfSquares(x): Determines if an integer x can be represented as the sum of two squares. for a in range(int(math.isqrt(x)) + 1): b_squared = x - a*a if b_squared < 0: return "No" b = int(math.isqrt(b_squared)) if b*b == b_squared: return "Yes" return "No"