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question:Given an array of integers of size N, you need to determine if the array is "almost sorted." An array is considered almost sorted if it becomes sorted (non-decreasing order) by modifying at most one element. -----Input:----- - The first line contains an integer T, the number of test cases. - Each of the next T lines contains a single integer N (size of the array). - The next line contains N space-separated integers representing the array. -----Output:----- For each test case, print "YES" if the array is almost sorted, otherwise print "NO". (Without quotes). -----Constraints:----- - 1 leq T leq 50 - 1 leq N leq 10^5 - 1 leq A_i leq 10^9 -----Sample Input:----- 2 4 1 5 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 -----Sample Output:----- YES YES

answer:def is_almost_sorted(arr): Checks if the given array can be sorted by modifying at most one element. modified = False # Create a copy of the array to modify it and check if sorted prev = arr[0] for i in range(1, len(arr)): if arr[i] < prev: if modified: return False modified = True # Check if changing the current element or the previous element can help if i == 1 or arr[i] >= arr[i-2]: prev = arr[i] else: prev = arr[i] return True def process_test_cases(test_cases): results = [] for N, arr in test_cases: if is_almost_sorted(arr): results.append("YES") else: results.append("NO") return results

question:Given a string s representing a valid Roman numeral, convert s to an integer. The input Roman numeral is guaranteed to be within the range from 1 to 3999. Roman numerals are represented by seven different symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D, and M. Symbol Value I 1 V 5 X 10 L 50 C 100 D 500 M 1000 Example 1: Input: s = "III" Output: 3 Example 2: Input: s = "IV" Output: 4 Example 3: Input: s = "IX" Output: 9 Example 4: Input: s = "LVIII" Output: 58 Explanation: L = 50, V = 5, III = 3. Example 5: Input: s = "MCMXCIV" Output: 1994 Explanation: M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90 and IV = 4. Note: 1. The given string s is any valid Roman numeral from 1 to 3999. 2. It is guaranteed that s is valid, so solutions do not need to account for malformed Roman numerals.

answer:def roman_to_integer(s): roman_to_int = { 'I': 1, 'V': 5, 'X': 10, 'L': 50, 'C': 100, 'D': 500, 'M': 1000 } total = 0 prev_value = 0 for char in reversed(s): current_value = roman_to_int[char] if current_value < prev_value: total -= current_value else: total += current_value prev_value = current_value return total

question:Write a function that takes two non-negative integers (length and width) as input, and returns the area of a rectangle that can be formed by pixels of 1x1. Each pixel is represented by '1'. If either the length or the width is zero, return 0, as no rectangle can be formed. You need to ensure your function can handle large inputs efficiently. Examples: ```python rectangle_area(3, 4) # 12 rectangle_area(0, 5) # 0 rectangle_area(7, 0) # 0 rectangle_area(10, 10) # 100 ``` **Note:** The function should be optimized to handle scenarios where the inputs can be very large.

answer:def rectangle_area(length, width): Returns the area of a rectangle with given length and width. If either length or width is zero, returns 0. return length * width if length > 0 and width > 0 else 0

question:John is working on a project that involves organizing and modifying a sequence of integers. He has a sequence of n integers, initially all set to 0. John can perform two types of operations on this sequence: 1. "1 l r x" — add integer x to each element in the range from the l-th to the r-th element of the sequence (inclusive). 2. "2 idx" — print the current value of the idx-th element of the sequence. John needs your help to efficiently process q operations of the types described above. -----Input----- The first line contains two integers n and q (1 ≤ n, q ≤ 200000), the length of the sequence and the number of operations respectively. Each of the next q lines contains an operation of one of the types described above. It is guaranteed that the following constraints hold for all operations: 1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ n, 1 ≤ idx ≤ n, and -1000 ≤ x ≤ 1000. -----Output----- For each query of type two (print the value of the idx-th element) you must print the answer to the query on a separate line. The queries must be answered in the order given in the input. -----Examples----- Input 6 5 1 1 3 5 2 2 1 2 6 3 2 4 2 6 Output 5 8 3 -----Explanation----- Initially, the sequence is [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]. After the first operation "1 1 3 5", the sequence becomes [5, 5, 5, 0, 0, 0]. Second operation "2 2" prints the value at the 2nd position, which is 5. The third operation "1 2 6 3" updates the sequence to [5, 8, 8, 3, 3, 3]. The fourth operation "2 4" prints the value at the 4th position, which is 3. The fifth operation "2 6" prints the value at the 6th position, which is 3.

answer:def process_operations(n, q, operations): Process a list of operations on a sequence of integers. Parameters: n (int): Length of the sequence. q (int): Number of operations. operations (list of list): List of operations to be performed. Returns: list: Result of type-2 operations. sequence = [0] * n results = [] for operation in operations: if operation[0] == 1: l, r, x = operation[1] - 1, operation[2] - 1, operation[3] for i in range(l, r + 1): sequence[i] += x elif operation[0] == 2: idx = operation[1] - 1 results.append(sequence[idx]) return results