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question:<|Analysis Begin|> The provided document outlines how to create built distributions in Python using the `bdist` command family in the distutils module. It includes detailed information about the various formats available for packaging and distributing Python modules, such as `gztar`, `zip`, and `rpm`, among others. It also explains how to cross-compile on Windows and the role of post-installation scripts. Key aspects covered in the document: 1. Understanding built distributions and their types (e.g., `gztar`, `bztar`, `zip`, `rpm`). 2. Using the `bdist` command with various formats and options. 3. Creating RPM packages and customizing the `.spec` file. 4. Cross-compiling on Windows platforms. 5. Writing and executing post-installation scripts in Windows installers. <|Analysis End|> <|Question Begin|> **Question: Creating Custom Built Distributions** You are tasked with developing a Python module distribution for a complex scientific library that needs to be easily installable on both Unix and Windows systems. Apart from the standard distributions (source code), the users require built distributions for easier installation without needing to compile the extensions manually. To develop a deeper understanding of Python's `bdist` commands in the `distutils` module, implement the following functions: 1. **create_built_distribution**: This function should create a built distribution for the current platform in the format specified by the user. 2. **create_rpm_distribution**: This function should create an RPM package with custom metadata specified by the user. # Function 1: create_built_distribution **Input:** - `format` (str): The format of the built distribution. Valid values are `"gztar"`, `"bztar"`, `"xztar"`, `"ztar"`, `"tar"`, `"zip"`, `"rpm"`, `"pkgtool"`, `"sdux"`, `"msi"`. **Output:** - A built distribution file in the specified format created in the `dist/` directory. **Constraints:** - The function should handle unsupported formats gracefully by raising a `ValueError` with an appropriate message. # Function 2: create_rpm_distribution **Input:** - `packager` (str): The name and email of the packager, e.g., `"John Doe <[email protected]>"`. - `vendor` (str): The name of the vendor. - `distribution_name` (str): Name of the distribution. - `version` (str): Version of the distribution. **Output:** - A binary RPM package created in the `dist/` directory. **Constraints:** - Ensure that the `bdist_rpm` command is available. If not, handle the exception by printing an appropriate error message. # Example Usage: ```python def create_built_distribution(format): # Your implementation here pass def create_rpm_distribution(packager, vendor, distribution_name, version): # Your implementation here pass # Example calls create_built_distribution("gztar") create_rpm_distribution("John Doe <[email protected]>", "Example Vendor", "example_distribution", "1.0.0") ``` # Notes: - Your implementation should utilize the `subprocess` module to execute the necessary `setup.py` commands. - The functions should print detailed messages about the steps being executed and any errors encountered. - Testing the functions requires a proper `setup.py` script in the current directory. Implementing the above functions will demonstrate your understanding of creating built distributions using Python's `distutils` module.
answer:import subprocess import os def create_built_distribution(format): Create a built distribution for the current platform in the specified format. Parameters: format (str): The format of the built distribution. Valid values are "gztar", "bztar", "xztar", "ztar", "tar", "zip", "rpm", "pkgtool", "sdux", "msi". Raises: ValueError: If an unsupported format is provided. valid_formats = ["gztar", "bztar", "xztar", "ztar", "tar", "zip", "rpm", "pkgtool", "sdux", "msi"] if format not in valid_formats: raise ValueError(f"Unsupported format: {format}. Valid formats are {valid_formats}") try: result = subprocess.run( ["python", "setup.py", "bdist", f"--formats={format}"], capture_output=True, text=True, check=True ) print(result.stdout) except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e: print("An error occurred during the build process.") print(e.stderr) def create_rpm_distribution(packager, vendor, distribution_name, version): Create an RPM package with custom metadata specified by the user. Parameters: packager (str): The name and email of the packager, e.g., "John Doe <[email protected]>". vendor (str): The name of the vendor. distribution_name (str): Name of the distribution. version (str): Version of the distribution. try: result = subprocess.run( ["python", "setup.py", "bdist_rpm", f"--packager={packager}", f"--vendor={vendor}", f"--name={distribution_name}", f"--version={version}"], capture_output=True, text=True, check=True ) print(result.stdout) except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e: print("An error occurred during the RPM package build process.") print(e.stderr) except FileNotFoundError: print("The `bdist_rpm` command is not available. Please ensure you have rpm tools installed.")
question:# Seaborn Color Palette Generation and Visualization **Objective:** You are tasked with creating a function that generates color palettes from specified colormaps and visualizes them using seaborn. **Problem Statement:** Write a function `generate_and_visualize_palette` that takes the following inputs: 1. `palette_name` (str): Name of the colormap to generate the palette from (e.g., "viridis", "Set2"). 2. `num_colors` (int): Number of colors to generate from the palette. 3. `as_cmap` (bool): If True, return the continuous colormap instead of discrete samples. The function should: 1. Generate the color palette using `sns.mpl_palette`. 2. Visualize the generated palette using seaborn's built-in themes and display the colors on a bar plot. **Input:** - `palette_name` (str): The name of the colormap (e.g., "viridis", "Set2"). - `num_colors` (int): The number of colors to generate from the colormap. - `as_cmap` (bool): If True, return a continuous colormap; if False, return discrete samples (default is False). **Output:** - A visualization (bar plot) of the generated color palette. **Constraints:** - `palette_name` should be a valid colormap name recognized by seaborn. - `num_colors` should be a positive integer. - If `num_colors` is greater than the number of distinct colors in a qualitative colormap, only the available distinct colors are returned. **Example:** ```python def generate_and_visualize_palette(palette_name, num_colors, as_cmap=False): # Import necessary libraries import seaborn as sns import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # Generate the color palette palette = sns.mpl_palette(palette_name, num_colors, as_cmap=as_cmap) # Create a bar plot to visualize the colors plt.figure(figsize=(8, 2)) for i, color in enumerate(palette): plt.bar(i, 1, color=color) plt.xticks([]) plt.yticks([]) plt.title(f"{palette_name} Palette ({num_colors} colors)") plt.show() # Example usage: generate_and_visualize_palette("viridis", 10) generate_and_visualize_palette("Set2", 8) generate_and_visualize_palette("viridis", 256, as_cmap=True) ``` # Note: - Your function should handle edge cases, like invalid palette names or non-positive values for `num_colors`, gracefully by raising appropriate exceptions or warnings. - Use seaborn's current theme settings for visualization.
answer:import seaborn as sns import matplotlib.pyplot as plt def generate_and_visualize_palette(palette_name, num_colors, as_cmap=False): Generates a color palette from the specified colormap and visualizes it. Parameters: palette_name (str): Name of the colormap to generate the palette from. num_colors (int): Number of colors to generate from the palette. as_cmap (bool): If True, return the continuous colormap instead of discrete samples. Raises: ValueError: If `num_colors` is not a positive integer. ValueError: If `palette_name` is not a recognized colormap name. if not isinstance(num_colors, int) or num_colors <= 0: raise ValueError("num_colors must be a positive integer") try: # Generate the color palette palette = sns.color_palette(palette_name, num_colors, as_cmap=as_cmap) except ValueError as e: raise ValueError(f"Invalid palette name: {palette_name}. Error: {str(e)}") # Create a bar plot to visualize the colors plt.figure(figsize=(8, 2)) if as_cmap: sns.heatmap([list(range(num_colors))]*10, cmap=palette, cbar=False) else: for i, color in enumerate(palette): plt.bar(i, 1, color=color) plt.xticks([]) plt.yticks([]) plt.title(f"{palette_name} Palette ({num_colors} colors)") plt.show()
question:# Email Handling and MIME Document Generation **Objective:** Design a Python function that parses a given raw email string to extract the necessary details, then re-constructs and sends the email by converting it to a MIME formatted document. This will demonstrate your understanding of email parsing, MIME document generation, and handling various components of emails such as headers and payloads. **Function Signature:** ```python def process_and_send_email(raw_email: str, new_recipient: str) -> str: Parses a given raw email string, modifies its recipient, and returns the MIME formatted email string. :param raw_email: A string representing the raw email to be parsed. :param new_recipient: A string representing the new recipient's email address. :return: A string representing the MIME formatted email. pass ``` **Input:** 1. `raw_email` (String): A raw email string containing headers and body, formatted as per RFC 5322. 2. `new_recipient` (String): The new recipient email address in the format `[email protected]`. **Output:** - Returns the re-constructed email as a MIME formatted string. **Constraints:** - The function should handle and preserve common email headers like `From`, `To`, `Subject`, `Date`, etc. - The function should correctly change the recipient to the `new_recipient`. - The function should ensure that the MIME structure of the email is valid. - The function should handle any charset encodings and Unicode characters correctly. **Example:** ```python raw_email = From: [email protected] To: [email protected] Subject: Test Email Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2021 10:35:01 -0000 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" This is a test email body. new_recipient = "[email protected]" formatted_email = process_and_send_email(raw_email, new_recipient) print(formatted_email) Expected Output: A MIME formatted email string where the 'To' header is changed to '[email protected]' and the rest of the email remains unchanged. ``` **Notes:** - You may assume that the raw email input is always well-formed. - Ensure to handle MIME types and encoding accurately to avoid any data corruption. - Use the `email` and related sub-modules from the Python `email` package for handling email parsing and generation. Hints: - Use `email.parser` and `email.policy` for parsing the raw email. - Use `email.message.EmailMessage` for constructing the MIME formatted message. - Handle headers and payloads carefully while reconstructing the email.
answer:from email import policy from email.parser import BytesParser from email.message import EmailMessage from io import BytesIO def process_and_send_email(raw_email: str, new_recipient: str) -> str: Parses a given raw email string, modifies its recipient, and returns the MIME formatted email string. :param raw_email: A string representing the raw email to be parsed. :param new_recipient: A string representing the new recipient's email address. :return: A string representing the MIME formatted email. # Parse the raw email raw_bytes = BytesIO(raw_email.encode('utf-8')) msg = BytesParser(policy=policy.default).parse(raw_bytes) # Modify the recipient msg.replace_header('To', new_recipient) # Create a new EmailMessage to construct the MIME formatted document email_message = EmailMessage() for header, value in msg.items(): email_message[header] = value email_message.set_content(msg.get_body().get_content()) # Return the MIME formatted email string return email_message.as_string()
question:# Quoted-Printable Encoding and Decoding You are required to implement two functions, `custom_encode(input_string: bytes, quotetabs: bool, header: bool)` and `custom_decode(encoded_string: bytes, header: bool)`, that make use of the `quopri` module to encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data respectively. These functions should handle binary data correctly and respect the specified parameters. Function 1: `custom_encode(input_string: bytes, quotetabs: bool, header: bool) -> bytes` **Input:** - `input_string`: A bytes object containing the data to be encoded. - `quotetabs`: A boolean flag to control whether to encode embedded spaces and tabs. - `header`: A boolean flag to control if spaces are encoded as underscores. **Output:** - Returns a bytes object containing the encoded data. **Constraints:** - The input data will be a valid bytes object. - Ensure that spaces and tabs are encoded at the end of lines as per **RFC 1521**. Function 2: `custom_decode(encoded_string: bytes, header: bool) -> bytes` **Input:** - `encoded_string`: A bytes object containing the data to be decoded. - `header`: A boolean flag to control if underscores should be decoded as spaces. **Output:** - Returns a bytes object containing the decoded data. **Constraints:** - The input encoded data will be a valid bytes object in quoted-printable format. Requirements 1. Implement both `custom_encode` and `custom_decode` functions. 2. Use the `quopri` module's functions to perform the encoding and decoding. 3. Do not use any external libraries other than the standard Python libraries. # Example ```python import quopri def custom_encode(input_string: bytes, quotetabs: bool, header: bool) -> bytes: encoded_bytes = quopri.encodestring(input_string, quotetabs=quotetabs, header=header) return encoded_bytes def custom_decode(encoded_string: bytes, header: bool) -> bytes: decoded_bytes = quopri.decodestring(encoded_string, header=header) return decoded_bytes # Test cases input_str = b"Hello World! This is an example with spaces, tabst, and newlinesn." encoded_str = custom_encode(input_str, quotetabs=True, header=False) print(encoded_str) # Expected to print the quoted-printable encoded string decoded_str = custom_decode(encoded_str, header=False) print(decoded_str) # Expected to print the original input_string ```
answer:import quopri def custom_encode(input_string: bytes, quotetabs: bool, header: bool) -> bytes: Encodes the input_string using quoted-printable encoding. :param input_string: A bytes object containing the data to be encoded. :param quotetabs: A boolean flag to control whether to encode embedded spaces and tabs. :param header: A boolean flag to control if spaces are encoded as underscores. :return: A bytes object containing the encoded data. encoded_bytes = quopri.encodestring(input_string, quotetabs=quotetabs, header=header) return encoded_bytes def custom_decode(encoded_string: bytes, header: bool) -> bytes: Decodes the encoded_string from quoted-printable encoding. :param encoded_string: A bytes object containing the data to be decoded. :param header: A boolean flag to control if underscores should be decoded as spaces. :return: A bytes object containing the decoded data. decoded_bytes = quopri.decodestring(encoded_string, header=header) return decoded_bytes